[观点分享] 蓝色气泡消息 v.s. 绿色气泡消息
本文是一篇旧文，原文首发在 https://zblogs.top/blue-bubbles-vs-green-bubbles/
这个标题取自前段时间看 MKBHD 在年初发的同名 YouTube 视频：Blue Bubbles vs Green Bubbles: Explained!（视频在文末）；视频讲得非常有意思，主要说的是 iMessage（或者说 iPhone）在美国年轻人群体的绝对影响力，导致了 iPhone 用户及非 iPhone用户在聊天场景下割裂的用户体验。
视频开头先从 SMS 开始讲起，深入浅出普及了 SMS（短信），MMS（彩信）以及最新的 RCS（富媒体通讯套件）的相关知识，同时指出了苹果公司给用户建立的一个个围墙花园（walled garden），也吐槽了苹果出于自身利益考虑在 iMessage 支持 RCS 问题上的不作为。
这期视频内容虽然主要是说的是美国手机用户当前的情况，但我觉得视频中提到的知识和观点值得分享，这也是我写这篇文章的主要动机。接下来的内容是我对 MKBHD 视频内容的大致概括以及我自己的一些思考。
先从说 SMS 说起
短信，Short Message Service，简称 SMS，是用户通过手机或其他电信终端直接发送或接收的文字或数字信息。用户每次能接收和发送短信的字符数，是 160 个英文或数字字符，或者 70 个中文字符。
早在1992年，短信服务就问世了。短信服务与手机号码绑定在一起，人们如果要向某人发消息，只需要打开手机的短信功能，输入对方的手机号，编辑消息内容，按下发送键即可。
短信的收发流程非常简单，每部手机都有短信功能，只要知道了对方的手机号码，双方所处的位置都在信号服务区内，就可以给对方发短信。从现在的角度看，短信最大的短板还是资费贵（没记错的话一条短信要一毛钱），其次是 SMS 只能发送简单文本消息（不支持 emoji 表情），且对消息文本的长度有限制（如果一条消息超出了160字节，那将会作为两条消息发出）。
从 SMS 到 MMS
随着时间的发展和技术的进步，人们渐渐不满足于只收发简单的文本消息，我们想用短信做更多的事情，比如说：用短信发超出 160 字节的长文本消息，以及表情符号，图片之类的非文本消息。因此，大概是在2002年的时候，多媒体短信（MMS，Multimedia Messaging Service 的简写）应运而生。
多媒体短信在中国通常被称为”彩信“，彩信可以简单理解为短信的升级版。不过彩信在技术实现上和短信并不相同，彩信可以在 GPRS、CDMA 1X、3G、EDGE的支持下，以WAP无线应用协议为载体传送视频短片、图片、声音和文字；其传送方式除了在手机间传送外，还可以是手机与电脑之间的传送。
在过去，一条彩信的大小通常为 50KB，这是由运营商和手机终端双方面决定的。现在大部分手机可支持 300KB 的彩信。通过彩信，人们可以传递功能全面的内容和信息，这些信息包括长文本消息、图片、声音、震动等多媒体内容。
在国内，彩信的资费要比短信贵得多，根据百度百科的介绍，中国移动点对点彩信要0.90元/条（每条最大容量为50K），发送方付费，接收方免费，双方都不再收取 GPRS 流量费。
iMessage 问世
现在几乎人手一部手机，而每部手机都有一个默认的消息 APP，其中最”臭名昭著“的 iPhone 也不例外。iPhone 问世之初，其内置的信息 APP 收发短信的体验与其他手机差不多——每个人都可以像往常一样收发短信——直到2011年 iMessage 问世。
iMessage 是苹果公司开发的一款即时通信服务，其客户端称作“信息”（Messages），适用于 iOS 5 与 OS X Mountain Lion 以上的系统版本。iMessage 直接内置在信息 APP 内，是绝大多数美国用户的默认消息 APP。
苹果用户可以直接通过信息 APP 发送即时消息，如果消息发送对象用的也是苹果设备，且开启了 iMessage，则信息会自动作为 iMessage 消息发送，如果收信人用的并不是苹果设备，则以传统的 SMS 短信发送消息。iMessage 消息是免费的，为蓝色气泡；而传统的 SMS 短信则是收费的，并以高饱和度的绿色气泡显示。
据维基百科页面披露的数据看，2012年10月23日，苹果 CEO Tim Cook 宣布使用苹果设备的用户经由 iMessage 总共发送了3千亿条信息，这也意味着苹果公司平均每秒就要传递2万8千条信息。2012年11月12日，一家叫做 Chetan Sharma 的技术与战略顾问公司发布了2012年第三季度美国移动数据市场报告，其中提到美国境内的短信使用数量正在下滑，并指出这有可能是因为美国人逐渐使用诸如 iMessage 这类免费通信服务的缘故。
iMessage 的功能
iMessage 的基础功能与彩信的功能非常相似，只不过 iMessage 只支持苹果设备。
苹果用户不仅可以通过 Wi-Fi 或蜂窝数据网络向其他 iOS 和 macOS 用户发送文本，更可以传输文档、图像、视频、地点、联系信息与群信息，借此为大多数 iOS 5及以上版本之设备提供免费的标准短信息与多媒体短信服务。
iMessage 最大支持 100MB 的文件传输，可显示用户正在输入的状态和消息已读回执，支持创建群组，内联回复，位置共享，分享网页、歌曲，快速表情回复，同时支持下载各种 iMessage 信息应用，发送拟我表情，Apple Pay 等。此外，iMessage 收发的消息都是端到端加密的，这使得它要比 SMS 更安全。同一 Apple ID 的设备间可以同步信息 APP 的消息，这意味着如果你有多个苹果设备，你在 iPhone 上收发的 iMessage 以及 SMS 均可通过网络自动同步到登录了同一 Apple ID 的 iPad、Mac、Apple Watch 等设备。你也可以在 macOS 上收发 iPhone 的信息。从这一点看，苹果用户之间使用 iMessage 的即时聊天体验，真的可以锤爆垃圾微信。
但是，iMessage 是苹果用户专属的功能，目前苹果并没有针对 Windows 和 Android 平台推出 iMessage APP。
蓝色气泡消息与绿色气泡消息引发的割裂体验
大多数美国用户只使用设备附带的默认信息 APP 发送消息。因此，当美国 iPhone 用户向某人发送消息时，他们要做的第一件事就是打开信息 APP。如果他们发送消息的人也在用 iPhone，那么这则消息就会立即转换为 iMessage，消息将以蓝色气泡发出，此时已读回执、正在输入中的状态、表情回应消息、端到端加密等所有苹果为用户打造的专属功能均可用，整个使用体验非常完美。
而当 iPhone 用户向安卓机用户发送信息时，iPhone 用户在信息 APP 上编辑的消息将默认通过短信 / 彩信发送。此时 iPhone 用户发出的消息将以绿色的气泡呈现，将不会有已读回执，也不能实时看到对方的打字状态，不能直接在消息上贴表情，更没有端到端加密。
更糟糕的体验是，如果 iPhone 用户在如果在 Android 用户发来的消息上进行了表情回应，在 Android 用户的信息 APP 内，将会直接收到一条简单粗暴的文本消息（见下方视频截图）。
在 iPhone 和 Android 手机之间发送视频的体验也十分拉胯。在 iPhone 上的一个普通的 1080P 视频发到 Android 手机上，画质就被残暴得压缩成了伊拉克战损画质。
在 iPhone 和 Android 手机之间的群聊体验也非常差劲。在一个三人的群聊中，如果有一个人在某一消息上做出了一个表情回应，那么群聊内将会创建三条相同的 SMS 通知短信发到群里。此外，群聊中也不支持内联回复，也不能将新成员添加到群聊。
总之，说了一大堆，iPhone 上的绿色气泡消息体验用两个字就可以概括：垃圾；但苹果对此熟视无睹。
苹果精心打造的围墙花园
根据 MKBHD 视频中披露的数据，iPhone 在美国18~24岁年轻群体中已占据了主导地位。在18~24岁的年轻人群体中，10个人里面7~8个人用 iPhone。其实在中国，iPhone 的销量在高端机领域也常年销量领先。不得不说，苹果公司能把市值做到两三万亿美元还是有原因的。
苹果通过一系列的软硬件配合，为用户打造了一座座精美的围墙花园，让用户在其中流连忘返。换句话说，用户一旦踏入了苹果的生态系统，他们可能永远都不想再离开了。你也许已经知道，苹果的 Apple Watch 只能配合 iPhone 来使用，苹果的 AirPods 只有在 iPhone 上才能得到极致的体验，苹果的 Apple Pencil 也是专为 iPad 打造，苹果的 AirTags 也是只能在苹果的设备上使用。
除了上述硬件产品，其实 iMessage 这一即时通讯 APP 也是苹果精心打造的一座围墙花园，而且对于美国年轻用户来说，还是一座围墙非常高的花园。
对于那些改用 Android 手机的用户来说，不用 iPhone 不仅意味着失去了 iMessage 内的所有专属功能，更严重的后果是，在这个苹果专为 iPhone 用户打造的即时聊天平台上，Android 用户会感到自己被一堵无形的高墙排斥在外。
要么加入苹果阵营，要么继续忍受现状
其实除了苹果外，没有人想看到这样的结果。想想看，如果你周围70%的年轻人拥有 iPhone，并都使用 iMessage 这一默认信息 APP 进行即时聊天，这对 iPhone 用户来说无疑是一个非常丝滑的体验，他们无需安装其他任何第三方的即时聊天 APP 就可以与好友发送消息互动。
然而，如果大多数人都使用 iPhone 和 iMessage，那会让没有 iPhone 的人感到被孤立。对于这些人来说，要么继续忍受这糟糕的聊天体验，要么给自己买一部 iPhone，加入苹果阵营。
在围墙花园内的 iPhone 用户怡然自得，很少会主动离开；而在围墙花园外的 Android 用户，也有很多人会因为身边的人都在用 iPhone 而加入苹果阵营。显然这是苹果打的一副好算盘，这可以说是一个自我实现的预言。
在现实生活中，iMessage 会给 Android 用户带来实实在在的压力：比如下面这条新闻爆料👇🏻（大意是有些 iPhone 用户和线上约会 APP 认识的网友交换了手机号码后，发现给对方发的消息是绿色气泡后会觉得很扫兴，于是不想和 Android 用户约会）。这在国人看来，是非常夸张、甚至有些离谱的。
如何改变这一局面
那么解决这个问题的方法是什么呢？估计很多人会不假思索地提议，只需让苹果把 iMessage 带到 Android 平台就可以改变这一局面了。可以这么说，你的想法很美好，技术上也是可以实现的，但这大概率不会发生。
苹果的高层显然早已意识到了 iMessage 形成的生态封锁对苹果公司的价值。因此苹果并没有计划把 iMessage 带到 Android 平台。
或许也有人会提议，既然不能把 iMessage 带入 Android 平台，那就让人们使用同一个第三方的即时聊天平台呗，比如说，让大家都去使用 WhatsApp 或 Telegram。这些第三方的即时聊天 APP 可以支持几乎所有主流操作系统，而且同样支持 iMessage 内置的已读回执，显示正在输入状态，表情回复消息等各种功能。
所有人都使用同一个第三方即时聊天 APP？
这个解决方案听上去似乎非常完美，但这个方案其实有两个主要问题。
问题一，正如前文提到的那样，人们仍非常倾向于使用设备附带的默认信息 APP 收发消息。因此，让每个人都决定使用 WhatsApp，这对于所有出厂时并未内置 WhatsApp 的设备（包括iPhone）用户来说，都需要一系列额外的步骤（e.g. 下载安装 APP，注册 APP，添加好友等繁琐的步骤）。
另外，仅在自己的手机上安装 WhatsApp 是没什么用的，你还得让你的整个朋友圈也跟着安装 WhatsApp，并使用这一第三方 APP 来取代手机默认的信息 APP 收发消息，这其实是非常困难的。我感觉全球范围内除了特朗普外，没有人能有这么大的号召力哈哈🤣。
就拿我自己举个例子，我本人非常讨厌微信，我可以做到让家人和我用 iMessage 沟通，我有少部分好友现在也是默认在 Telegram 上聊天，但我是无法让我的所有微信好友都抛弃微信转用另一款第三方的即时聊天 APP。可以这么说，微信已经彻底绑架了我的社交朋友圈。
问题二，即使你说服了全世界所有人都使用同一个第三方的即时聊天 APP，但你想想看，将整个地球的消息收发工作全部交到一家公司手中真的是一个好主意吗？
我不知道你是否还记得，Facebook (现在已更名叫Meta) 在去年10月服务器宕机事件导致那些依赖 WhatsApp 的人、社区、企业都不得停摆几个小时。而 Telegram 在 Facebook 宕机的几个小时便获得了 7000万个新用户。
从全球范围来看，安卓用户在即时聊天APP的选择上选项还是比较多的（其实全球范围内 iPhone 用户在即时聊天工具的选择上也有很多选项，只不过在中国被腾讯一家公司垄断了）；这对于用户来说，其实是一件好事，有选择权总比没有其他选项好。
有些乐观主义者可能会觉得，谷歌或许是最有可能改变苹果 iMessage 生态封锁的公司，因为 Google 是 Android 操作系统的开发商。而实际情况是，Google 其实已经做过了多次尝试了，但均已失败告终（截图左侧均为 Google 目前已停服的即时聊天 APP）：
即时聊天 APP 的碎片化对用户来说其实有利有弊。其弊端是我们很难让所有人都使用同一个第三方的即时聊天 APP，这或多或少会造成一些不便；但换个角度看，这其实是一件好事，正是因为此即时聊天 APP 之间仍存在竞争，各个即时聊天 APP 为了抢占更多的用户，会努力完善 APP 的使用体验。就拿我们国人必备的微信 APP 来说吧，它在国内已经形成了垄断地位，但由于缺乏竞争，到现在为止它的聊天体验做得依然像一坨屎一样。
RCS 能否成为破局者？
融合通信（Rich Communication Suite，简称RCS），另一种叫法为富媒体通讯套件，它在国内也被运营商们强行包装为 5G 消息（注：36Kr 的一篇文章称，网友在去年年底的测试数据结果表明，国内运营商们为了让 5G 消息更加名副其实，在技术层面限制了只有 5G 手机才能正常收发 RCS 消息，4G 手机收发的 RCS 消息则会自动被转成 SMS 或 MMS），可以说是相当恶心了。
RCS 可以简单理解为 IP 业务和传统电信网业务的融合。这一技术其实诞生于 5G 技术前，它既不是 5G 特有的功能，也不是 5G 时代新开发出来的业务。早在 2008年，全球移动通信系统协会（GSMA）就提出了 RCS 这套标准。RCS 具有基于全 IP 的即时通信功能，当初提出来的目的是帮助运营商们丰富现有通信方式的用户体验。
BTW，我在搜索资料的过程中发现，国内的 RCS 更多是侧重于 B2C，其主要目的并不是对标 iMessage 和微信这类即时聊天 APP，更多的是服务于企业用户与个人用户之间的消息交互。关于这部分内容，本文就不展开细说了。
作为 SMS、MMS 的升级迭代，RCS 在使用体验上比较接近 iMessage 的形态，支持 RCS 的手机用户可以直接在系统内置的信息 APP 发送图文，音乐，内嵌 H5，共享位置，同时也支持已读回执，实时显示正在输入中的状态，表情回复消息，并支持发送更大体积的文件。
其实，在 2022 年想要买到一台不支持 RCS 协议的安卓手机是很难的，就算是在国内，只要手机支持 5G，那通常是默认支持 RCS 协议的（当然，iPhone 除外😅）；国内三大运营商已经均已发布了 5G 消息，并获得了来自中兴、小米、三星等终端厂商的支持。而在国外，Google 早已在它自家的信息 APP 中支持了 RCS 协议，考虑到国外绝大多数 Android 手机都会自带 Google 的信息 APP，RCS 已在 Android 世界畅通无阻。
苹果目前对 RCS 的态度
如果你看到这里，估计会和绝大多数人有相同的想法：在这场蓝色气泡消息与绿色气泡消息之间的战争中，最佳解决方案就是让苹果在 iMessage 中加入对 RCS 协议的支持，毕竟 Google 已经推出了自家支持 RCS 协议的信息 APP，并被全球大多数 Android 设备采用。
而且，苹果在 iMessage 中加入对 RCS 协议的支持对苹果用户的聊天体验并不会造成什么负面影响；这反而会极大改善 Android 用户与 iPhone 用户的聊天体验。不过苹果到目前为止并未采取任何积极行动，虽然让 iMessage 支持 RCS 在技术层面对苹果公司来说并不是一件很难的事情。
苹果一直以来都标榜自己非常重视用户的个人隐私；然而苹果在 iMessage 支持 RCS 问题上却表现得非常虚伪：当 iPhone 用户与 Android 用户互发消息时，iPhone 会自动把消息作为 SMS 或 MMS 发送，要知道，SMS 和 MMS 发出的消息都是不带加密的，而且需要向运营商支付一定的费用；而 RCS 现已支持在一对一聊天中实现端到端加密（E2EE），群聊版 E2EE 也将在今年晚些时候推出；RCS 消息只要有网络就可以发送，和 iMessage 一样是免费的。
苹果一直以来都标榜自己非常重视用户体验；然而从 iMessage 蓝色气泡和绿色气泡颜色的设计美学来看，苹果似乎是在有意引导用户讨厌绿色气泡，因为绿色气泡配白色文本看起来其实更费力。Medium 上有一篇标题为 How Apple taught its users to hate Android through subtle design cues 的文章，专门分析了这一现象。此外，绝大多数 iPhone 用户的直观感受是，发送绿色气泡消息是要给运营商支付短信费用的，而发送蓝色气泡消息则是免费的，这无疑会让用户变得更排斥绿色气泡。
苹果是一家非常聪明的公司，这个公司聚集着全球最聪明的开发者们。苹果公司的天才们并非不知道 RCS 有多好，他们也并非不知道让 iMessage 支持 RCS 可以明显地改善用户体验；他们迟迟不肯把 RCS 协议引入 iMessage，只能说明一点：比起用户隐私和用户体验，苹果显然更加重视 iMessage 的生态封锁。毕竟商业公司都是逐利的，iMessage 的生态封锁对苹果来说百利而无一害，而如果苹果将 RCS 引入到了 iMessage，这无异于自己扔起炸弹朝着原本固若金汤的围墙花园炸开一道口子；亏本赚吆喝的买卖苹果大概率是不会做的，即使舆论一边倒地向苹果公司施压。
#GetTheMessage
就在上个月，谷歌 Android 部门启动了一项新的宣传活动，专门上线了“Get The Message”网站，隔空喊话呼吁苹果采用新一代跨平台消息传递协议 RCS，以便在跨 iOS / Android 设备的消息传递服务上实现 iMessage 可提供的大部分功能。我本人也非常希望苹果可以在 iMessage 中加入对 RCS 的支持。
在网站上，Google 大张旗鼓地向苹果施压，围绕 iOS 与 Android 设备之间如何顺畅地收发消息发布了不少有力论据，与此同时，Google 还在 Twitter 上发起了 #GetTheMessage 话题，摆出了一副号召广大手机用户群起而”逼宫“的架势。
然而你觉得苹果会怂吗？至少从目前来看，苹果一点也不怂：
参考资料：
- MKBHD YouTube 视频：Blue Bubbles vs Green Bubbles: Explained!
- 36氪：谷歌大张旗鼓向苹果施压：赶紧支持 RCS 标准
- 湖南无线电管理：5G消息（RCS），到底是什么？
- S.D.C @Medium: How Apple taught its users to hate Android through subtle design cues
Image by Freepik
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